Modernization
Where did we go wrong in this world?
Why was I born as who I am,
Why was I born into this family?
You ask me how much I can give
But you forget about all the other things you demand
I want to run away into the field,*
I’m hoping that all my tracks will be concealed *
So I can get away,
emerge into a new life without all the pressures
you weigh on me.
I have made all the mistakes,
All I have done has created you
And me.
There’s not really anywhere to go
And all I need is time,
Something forgotten as we drive
Towards McDonald’s
And drown our sorrows in their fat.
*Red Hot Chili Peppers Lyrics
Introduction by a cousin
This is not about my experiences with Chinese culture; neither is it about me. This is a set of stories about my cousin’s experiences and the pressures that she lives with everyday as a teenager growing up in China. To begin with, Yiyi (一依) is my only cousin, the daughter of my only aunt on my mom’s side. She and my aunt, her mother, live together in a small apartment in Wuxi, China, a two-hour train trip from Shanghai, China, half a world away from my home and over 1500 km from our grandparents. Her father, a migrant worker and a direct product of Chinese modernization, is the descendant of a line of farmers-turned-migrant-workers. He met Yiyi’s mother when he helped her move to Wuxi.
During the course of Yiyi’s life, her parents pressured her to study as hard as possible so that she could succeed. The stories below describe the turmoil that she and people around her felt as she grew up. While my upbringing in America makes me an outsider to many of the cultural differences, problems, and pressures with which she deals, my own experiences and correspondence with Yiyi have given me insight into her life, so I can effectively describe the effect of modernization on her family in a series of short vignettes here Some of the characters described here are fictional, but they are based on real events or people that I have encountered in China. Understanding modernization in China from an academic perspective is important in dealing with the ramifications of modernization, but knowing how individuals who must undergo the transition period in China directly deal with situations can prove just as enlightening. This fictional story will not provide an exact representation of the effects of modernization in China. Instead, these vignettes will serve as a different medium for the reader to understand the effects of modernization on a group of people.
1
My Normal Family
I am the only daughter of a regular Chinese family in the late 20th century. My life is normal. I have a dad and a mom. I go to school, play with friends, and study a lot, just like every other student in China. Because of the one-child policy, which pays for the majority of my education since I am the first child, my parents do not have to worry about money when it comes to raising me. As the only child, their future depends on my success. Thus I am always being told that hard work in class will lead to success and happiness. For them, success and happiness means getting high marks in the high school entrance exam. Getting into a high school will decide my life, they tell me. In my eyes, my mom and dad are the happiest people alive. Even though they do not think they are successful, they are my parents and I want to be like them-happy.
My mom showers me with love and tells all of her friends how successful I will be whenever I score in the top of the class. My mom works at Jiangnan Da Xue (Jiangnan University) as a Japanese Professor. Whenever a coworker of my mom asks after me, she always goes on about how I am such a hard worker and how she does not need to push me to do any work because I push myself to study. Whenever her colleagues talk about me, she is so happy that she pampers me with delicious food and refuses to let me do any chores.
My mom and dad push me a lot to study. Even more so than my teachers or classmates, my parents pressure me to do well in school. They always try to push me to study, giving me treats whenever I do well to encourage me to study more and punishing me when my grades drop. Their current incentive is McDonald’s. My parents first took me to McDonald’s after my relatives had told them that McDonald’s is really cheap and exists everywhere in America. A symbol of America, it is a symbol of modernization in China. As a result, my parents must have thought that bringing me to McDonald’s would encourage me to work harder by showing me what the possibilities are if you are successful. It did. Well, at least initially. After the first time I was introduced to the clean, welcoming atmosphere of McDonald’s, I always wanted to go back. To me, McDonald’s was a place where I could relax without being burdened by the pressures of school and my parents. Whenever I walked in, I could see people from all walks of life—families, teenagers hanging out, businessmen, and, most especially, waiguoren (foreigners). I enjoyed seeing the happiness of McDonald’s customers and I began to crave this happiness away from studying. Nowadays, I crave McDonald’s. I only want to eat the Beijing Kao Ya Wrap. I love lounging around; eating French fries and watching people shuffle in and out of McDonald’s.
I entered Junior High one year before my introduction to McDonald’s. In order to encourage me to do well in school, my parents told me that I could go to McDonald’s whenever I did well on a test. However, all I could think about was the happiness in the people at McDonald’s. Didn’t my parents want me to find happiness? Why can’t I just work at McDonald’s? I would be happy! The cleanliness, the success, and the happiness made it difficult for me to study. McDonald’s is making me more modern. Parental pressure, pressure from my mom’s colleagues, and pressure from my friends all bear down upon me as I slip from the top of the class. My parents always tell me that life is not worth it if you cannot get into high school. With my grades, is my life not worth living? How can I improve? What is happening to me?
2
The Memoir of the Mother
Yiyi, this is my story:
When I met your dad, he was living in a small apartment next to mine. Whenever I needed help, he helped me and familiarized me with the Wuxi traditions. It was a small town when I first moved there and he knew more than me about Wuxi, even though he was a migrant worker. I was young then, and he was the only one who was always there for me. I guess in the idealism of my youth, I was blinded by all the western stories of true love rather than the traditional Chinese arranged marriages. Even though he was a migrant worker and I was working at Jiangsu University, I loved him
We married without tradition, as your grandparents did not approve of the marriage. No marriage pictures were taken, even though many of his friends in the countryside had done so when they took their marriage trip to the city. We did not hold a traditional marriage celebration or even a Western ceremony as many of my friends had done— we were just too poor. My job as a teacher paid little, and his migrant worker job was unstable and his paycheck often arrived late.
When you were born, we shared the joy that was you in our life. I went in order to support you until you could support yourself. We were poor, but we were happy. As you grew older and emerged as the top of your class, we could not help but express our happiness. It was like all we wanted to do was praise our ancestors and keep on encouraging you. You were everything to us. You were our only joy. Even with the difficulties in our life, everything was okay because you would get into a good high school. Once, when you were in fourth grade, I was enjoying some tea at work with some coworkers during break when one of my colleagues, Professor Wang who taught English, approached me and begged me for advice in how his son could work as hard as you did. I was so surprised by this statement and I pondered for a moment.
My daughter? More successful than the English professor’s son? That cannot be, I thought, he must be joking. When I laughed, however, Professor Wang just looked at me curiously and asked me if I thought he was joking. That night when I came home, I was so happy that you were the best in class that I felt that I could splurge a little and spend some money on better food for our family. It was our daughter, the daughter of a migrant worker and a low-wage college employee that was most successful in class.
A couple years after you were born, your cousins in America came to see you. While they were here, your aunt and uncle told me all the wondrous stories of America. They told me of the wonderful food there, the great economy, and the culture. It was all so different from China, where everything was ‘opened’ up, but not as open as in America. In America, you could read the news without censorship. You could speak of your thoughts without fear of retribution. Another thing they talked about was the food. They especially talked about McDonald’s and how they were everywhere in America. With the car they owned, they went to McDonald’s every week. So when Wuxi opened their first McDonald’s, your dad and I felt that all the good fortune that had come to us in the past few years had accumulated for this moment, the moment when we would become more modernized. If we ate at McDonald’s, we would be like your relatives in America. Since they were going to college, you would also go to college. Walking into McDonald’s for the first time—you holding my hand, the red and yellow sign above us and the greeting servers all around us—I was immediately hit by the cleanliness. The toilets did not smell, the tabletops and the floor glistened in the summer heat. What could be better than this? The food tasted strange, but you seemed to like it. If this was how modernized people ate, then you should get to eat like this everyday. I guess this is why I pushed you so hard after I first took you to McDonald’s. I wanted to see you obtain a life where you could eat at McDonald’s whenever you wanted. I wanted you to have something that I never had—a modern life.
After your grades started dropping, our family began suffering. It was not your fault, it was our fault. Our marriage relied on you. Since you were born, you were the one thing that connected us. After being married for so long, I think we both knew that you were the only reason we were staying together. And when you stopped doing so well in school, we fell apart. We started getting into fights about you. We constantly argued about everything whenever you were not there. When you were there, we kept on pressuring you more and more to do well.
Our marriage was unconventional, and I guess so too our divorce. But by then, all I really had left was you.
3
I Left
Yiyi, this is my apology:
I come from a traditional family. I do not know much except for farming and construction work. It is hard for me to even write this. Because I have to spend so much time working to support my family, I always assumed that I would work until my family arranged a marriage for me and, after that, I would work at home. I thought that until I met your mom. She was hard-working, she could cook, and she was good-looking. Why shouldn’t I marry her? She always talked about love, but to me, a good marriage meant supporting the family and providing successful children.
Your mom and I were so close at the beginning of our marriage. We spent a lot of time together and you were so smart. You were all we had, so we always encouraged you to do your best because we knew you could. Although I had originally wanted a son, after I saw that you were so successful, you were everything that I wanted. Everything I wanted in a son was in you because you were the key to everything.
My apology starts from long before you can even imagine. I was born into a family where your grandfather truly thought that beating was the only way to control the family. I did not follow this tradition, but your grandparents kept on pushing me to discipline your mom. And when we started going to McDonald’s, everything came to a sudden crash. I had married your mom because it was beneficial for both of us. It was an appropriate marriage that aided both of us at the time. When you began struggling in school, worries that I had brushed off before in favor of keeping the marriage reemerged and all the pressure of being a migrant worker suddenly came down upon me.
To escape from my doubts, I worked harder at my job. Convinced that I was the cause of your drop in grades because I was so stressed with work, I avoided home so that I would not distract you from studying. After work, I began going out with friends so that I would not wander aimlessly. Whenever I was at home, all I did was argue with your mom. We were so distant when you were not there. Eventually, there was no point in trying to hold our marriage together because it was not benefitting either of us, so we split.
4
Taking Care
The teacher dismisses us fourteen minutes after our class officially ends, meaning that I will have to brave the night air and walk home by myself. As I leave the night school, my best friend Shuyi asks me if I wanted to go to her house and study, but my mom had said that I needed to clean the house today. I tell her I that I have chores to do. Ever since dad left, my mom has been reliant on me to help around the house. As I wave goodbye to Shuyi, I smile at her and remember how she has always been there, supporting me when I was down. All those other students, all they did was study. They only cared for themselves. They would never sacrifice time for that girl who fell, that girl who does not study. They do not know who I am. As I walk farther down the street, the smile leaves my face, the dimples from my smiling face only a fading scar from my childhood. My family sacrifices so much to see me succeed; I cannot deal with all the pressure. It is wearing me down and I am already broken. Each day I remember how much money my mom borrowed to send me to the best junior high school, a school the government would not pay for. Even though she has not pressured me to study since dad left, I still feel the pressure in her distant gaze. The pressure from her presence bears down on me more than any yelling that she could possibly use.
I pass a McDonald’s on the way home from night school. It is bright red and yellow sign, coupled with its clean interior, still calls to me with all of its “modernism.” But when I think about my mom and feel the weight of the books on my back, I force myself to turn away. I choose my family over myself. If only we could live in the cleanliness of McDonald’s. The rest of the walk back is boring, cluttered by Chinese fashion stores and the catcalling of dirty prostitutes hoping to snag their next customer. As I turn left into my street, the familiar bareness of my home cries to me as the stench of the trashcan fills my nostrils.
My house is unkempt from years of gradual decline. Since I am responsible for the chores, I have to balance my chores with school. Both suffer. If I could live in McDonald’s, I would not have to clean. My grades have never even caught a glimpse of the shadow they once were. My house is stained with years of neglect. And until my mom gets home from teaching, I will clean. I will clean like I do every day; I will clean so that maybe one day I will not need to clean.
5
To Love a Friend
I am Yiyi’s only remaining friend. I have seen her highest and lowest moments. I am the only daughter of a wealthy family. No matter whether I score really well or not for entering a vocational school, I will still be sent to a boarding school in America. I only need to score high enough in English to leave the country, and my parents have hired excellent tutors to train me since I first started speaking. With no drive to work, all I worry about is my friend, Yiyi. I guess I am a rich, low-achieving girl who has too much time on her hands to do anything else.
I tried to see if she wanted to study with me today, but she had to do chores again. . So, once again, I leave the night school alone and walk home by myself. As I turn from Yiyi, my ever-present smile drops and I run down the street, hoping to reach the safety of my room. I have always been able to see her mask, but she has always refused help. No matter how I try, she always tells me that she has to support her mother so she cannot study with me. If only she would allow me to lend her our maid, she would be able to study for school. But she is too stubborn for that, too unwilling to accept outside help. I hope she never finds out where her parents got the money to send her to school. Or finds out more about me.
Oh, I guess I should tell you, I have my own unique problems to deal with. I am a lesbian. In China, people would call me a lala. I sometimes feel so angry at the world for denying me my own identity. In China, being a lesbian means you have a mental problem and you will probably be sent to a mental institute. If I ‘come out,’ I will lose my sanity? I will not be natural? I do not want to be shunned by everyone. I do not want to be called a tongzhi. I guess that is why I have been trying so hard to support Yiyi. I have gotten into arguments with my parents about supporting her family behind her back. They have probably guessed by now or at least thought that maybe I am a lala. I wish I could speak to them about it, but they would not understand. At my home I always feel trapped. Safe, but I am trapped by the constraints of Chinese society.
I do not really know where my place in society is anymore. I know my family will shun me if I do not marry a guy and support the family when they grow up. I also know I cannot enter into a lala community when I am older, their culture of drinking and smoking is not who I am.
Who am I?
6
The Future
I knew I could not do it. I mean really? I should not have thought it was ever really possible really. There was no hope, only too much pressure, too much pressure from my mom. From my friends. From my cousin. Even from my cousin’s other cousins! I am not successful. I failed my entrance exam.
Dark clouds seem to follow me as I leave the test center on the last day of the exam and take the bus home. I could not really help it. Really. No really! There are a lot of things I could have done but none of it would have diminished the unbearable pressure that kept on pulling me down, deeper and deeper. Pressure from my American cousins because they were already in high school and college, pressure from my cousin’s other cousins because they have succeeded where I knew I would fail, and pressure from my family because they had invested so much into my success.
I need to stop thinking about this weight on my shoulders. Just get up, walk off the bus, and ignore the cloud of anguish and despair that follows me. Why couldn’t I just do what I loved to do? Why can’t I relax? Why can’t I just leave and travel to America and not be trapped by my mom? But I can’t. She needs me probably even more than she realizes. She needs me to be there for her because she is reliant on me. But, oh, how I wish to take a journey, escape from life and find something new! I wish to travel, to see the world for how it really is—not through learning the language that is forcibly stuffed down our throats in class, but by speaking the language to Americans.
Maybe I wanted it to be this way. Maybe I built this cloud of despair. Maybe everyday as I walked home, I added another little bit of darkness. Maybe I did not work as hard because I knew that if I succeeded I would still be trapped in the never ending spiral of drowning pressure and whirlwind pain and tears. But for now, I know I am free for a time. I can smile and sing like the waiters that I pass. I can greet and sell like those people working at the Baleno Store. Maybe I am being ignorant; I know it is hard for people if they go to technical school to get a job. A job, man I love my job. I wish I could do it every day for the rest of my life. Can I really help it? This is what I want to do! I want to work, to wake up every day and know I am getting somewhere in life, I do not want to just sit in a room hearing people talk to you about something I will never understand. I can’t do it! I need that environment of production, where I know I am getting something done on my own terms, on my own skills. I need something to escape from the pressure, even if it means cleaning for the rest of my life.
I guess this is my life. I am the only daughter of a normal family in modernized China. My life is full of pressure. I have a mom that relies on me to support her. I work at a clothing store on a crowded street fifteen minutes from the local McDonald’s and I go home to clean my house so my mom will not complain. Because of the one child policy, my parents invested everything in one child to support them when they grew older. I was treated like an empress as a child as my family tried to modernize me. And now, where am I?